When one size does not fit all: aid and health system strengthening for Small Island Developing States.

Health System strengthening is high on the agenda of the global health community. We review some of the specific challenges faced by Small Island Developing States in the development of their health systems. We propose a list of action points for aid actors willing to adapt their health programs and interventions.

Austerity, and funding cuts: Implications for sustainability of the response to the Caribbean HIV/AIDS epidemic.

The Caribbean, accessed significant external funding over the first three decades of the epidemic, which provided local authorities the opportunity to defer their responsibility in leading or matching the support provided from the external agencies. The reduction in external support has placed increased pressure on the response to the epidemic, with some countries more likely to be affected than others. This paper undertakes a review of the expenditure and funding landscape for HIV programs in the Caribbean. The findings confirm that despite the dwindling number of funding sources, some countries continue to display a significant degree of dependency on external funding sources. It is noteworthy that Treatment and Care accounted for the largest share of HIV expenditure in those countries, which displayed the highest degree of dependency on external funding. While, HIV spending was a relatively small percentage of both total health expenditure and gross domestic product, expenditure levels were noticeably higher in Haiti. These averages however conceal significant differences across countries, which should inform the magnitude and direction of any spending expansion by these countries if they are to achieve financial sustainability. Some recommendations are provided on the way forward to facilitate building a sustainable response to the epidemic.

Increased taxation on cigarettes in Grenada: potential effects on consumption and revenue

[ABSTRACT]. Objective. To investigate the feasibility of addressing the public health concerns of tobacco consumption through increased taxation, while preserving or augmenting government revenues in Grenada. Methods. Purposive sampling methods were used to ensure data availability and geographical representativeness. Average price per 20-pack of the most-sold brands of cigarettes was calculated using data from three major supermarkets. The World Health Organization’s Tax Simulation Model was used, with excise tax rates adjusted to effect 5%, 10%, and 15% consumption decreases. Results. A 17% to 117% excise tax increase on the cost, insurance, and freight (CIF) value would achieve a 5% consumption decrease. Total government revenues would grow 8.7% and excise tax revenues would increase 11%. The average excise tax per 20-pack would move from EC$ 3.24 (2014 US$ 1.20) to EC$ 3.80 (US$ 1.41), while the average price per pack would increase to EC$ 9.21 (US$ 3.41) from EC$8.48 (US$ 3.14). In the 10% and 15% consumption reduction scenarios, excise taxes would have to be increased by 33% and 50% (to 133% and 150% of CIF, respectively), pushing the average excise tax per pack to EC$ 4.37 (US$ 1.62) and EC$ 4.90 (US$ 1.81), respectively. Conclusion. In Grenada, consumption can be reduced alongside growth in government revenues, making available additional resources for health. This aligns with the literature, which indicates that taxation can be effective in pursuing the public health objective of reduced incidence of smoking-related illnesses via reduced consumption.

[RESUMEN]. Objetivo. Investigar la viabilidad de abordar los problemas de salud pública relacionados con el consumo de tabaco mediante un aumento de los impuestos, al tiempo que se conservan o aumentan los ingresos públicos del gobierno en Granada. Métodos. Se utilizaron métodos de muestreo intencional para garantizar la disponibilidad de datos y su representatividad geográfica. Se calculó el precio promedio del paquete de 20 cigarrillos de las marcas más vendidas a partir de los datos obtenidos en tres grandes supermercados. Se utilizó el Modelo de Simulación de Impuestos de la Organización Mundial de la Salud, con tasas de impuestos al consumo ajustadas para obtener reducciones del 5%, 10% y 15% en el consumo. Resultados. Un aumento del 17% al 117% en el impuesto al consumo sobre el valor del costo, seguro y flete (CSF) ocasionaría una disminución del 5% en el consumo. Los ingresos totales del gobierno crecerían un 8,7% y los ingresos por impuesto al consumo aumentarían un 11%. El impuesto al consumo promedio por paquete de 20 cigarrillos aumentaría de EC$ (dólar del Caribe oriental) 3,24 (USD 1,20 de 2014) a EC$ 3,80 (USD 1,41), y el precio promedio por paquete aumentaría de EC$ 8,48 (USD 3,14) a EC$ 9,21 (USD 3,41). En los escenarios de reducción del consumo del 10% y el 15%, los impuestos al consumo deberían aumentarse en un 33% y 50% (al 133% y 150% del CSF, respectivamente), lo que elevaría el promedio del impuesto al consumo por paquete a EC$ 4,37 (USD 1,62) y EC$ 4,90 (USD 1,81), respectivamente. Conclusión. En Granada, el consumo de tabaco puede reducirse y aumentarse a la vez los ingresos públicos, generando recursos adicionales disponibles para la salud. Esto coincide con la bibliografía publicada, que indica que los impuestos pueden ser eficaces para alcanzar el objetivo de salud pública de reducir la incidencia de enfermedades relacionadas con el hábito de fumar a través de una reducción del consumo.

[RESUMO]. Objetivo. Investigar a viabilidade de abordar problemas de saúde pública relacionados ao consumo de tabaco através de um aumento de impostos, enquanto conserva ou aumenta a receita do governo em Granada. Métodos. Métodos intencionais de amostragem foram utilizados para garantir a disponibilidade de dados e sua representatividade geográfica. O preço médio da embalagem de 20 cigarros das marcas mais vendidas foi calculado a partir dos dados obtidos em três grandes supermercados. Utilizou-se o Modelo de Simulação Tributária da Organização Mundial de Saúde, com taxas de imposto de consumo ajustadas para obter reduções de 5%, 10% e 15% no consumo. Resultados. Um aumento de 17% para 117% na taxa de consumo sobre o valor do custo, seguro e frete (CSF) causaria uma queda de 5% no consumo. As receitas totais do governo aumentariam em 8,7% e as receitas dos impostos sobre o consumo aumentariam em 11%. O imposto médio de consumo por pacote de 20 cigarros aumentaria de EC$ (dólar do Caribe Oriental) 3,24 (USD 1,20 de 2014) para EC$ 3,80 (USD 1,41), e o preço médio por pacote aumentaria de EC$ 8,48 (USD 3,14) para EC$ 9,21 (USD 3,41). Nos cenários de redução do consumo de 10% e 15%, os impostos sobre consumo devem ser aumentados em 33% e 50% (para 133% e 150% do CSF, respectivamente), o que elevaria a média do imposto sobre o consumo por pacote a EC$ 4,37 (USD 1,62) e EC$ 4,90 (USD 1,81), respectivamente. Conclusão. Em Granada, o consumo de tabaco pode ser reduzido e as receitas do governo aumentadas, gerando recursos adicionais disponíveis para a saúde. Isso coincide com a literatura publicada, que indica que os impostos podem ser efetivos para alcançar o objetivo de saúde pública de reduzir a incidência de doenças relacionadas ao tabagismo através da redução do consumo.

Increased taxation on cigarettes in Grenada: potential effects on consumption and revenue.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the feasibility of addressing the public health concerns of tobacco consumption through increased taxation, while preserving or augmenting government revenues in Grenada. METHODS: Purposive sampling methods were used to ensure data availability and geographical representativeness. Average price per 20-pack of the most-sold brands of cigarettes was calculated using data from three major supermarkets. The World Health Organization's Tax Simulation Model was used, with excise tax rates adjusted to effect 5%, 10%, and 15% consumption decreases. RESULTS: A 17% to 117% excise tax increase on the cost, insurance, and freight (CIF) value would achieve a 5% consumption decrease. Total government revenues would grow 8.7% and excise tax revenues would increase 11%. The average excise tax per 20-pack would move from EC$ 3.24 (2014 US$ 1.20) to EC$ 3.80 (US$ 1.41), while the average price per pack would increase to EC$ 9.21 (US$ 3.41) from EC$8.48 (US$ 3.14). In the 10% and 15% consumption reduction scenarios, excise taxes would have to be increased by 33% and 50% (to 133% and 150% of CIF, respectively), pushing the average excise tax per pack to EC$ 4.37 (US$ 1.62) and EC$ 4.90 (US$ 1.81), respectively. CONCLUSION: In Grenada, consumption can be reduced alongside growth in government revenues, making available additional resources for health. This aligns with the literature, which indicates that taxation can be effective in pursuing the public health objective of reduced incidence of smoking-related illnesses via reduced consumption.

Increased taxation on cigarettes in Grenada: potential effects on consumption and revenue / Aumento de los impuestos a los cigarrillos en Granada: efectos potenciales sobre el consumo y los ingresos públicos / Aumento Dos Impostos Sobre Os Cigarros Em Granada: Efeitos Potenciais Sobre O Consumo E As Receitas Públicas

ABSTRACT Objective To investigate the feasibility of addressing the public health concerns of tobacco consumption through increased taxation, while preserving or augmenting government revenues in Grenada. Methods Purposive sampling methods were used to ensure data availability and geographical representativeness. Average price per 20-pack of the most-sold brands of cigarettes was calculated using data from three major supermarkets. The World Health Organization's Tax Simulation Model was used, with excise tax rates adjusted to effect 5%, 10%, and 15% consumption decreases. Results A 17% to 117% excise tax increase on the cost, insurance, and freight (CIF) value would achieve a 5% consumption decrease. Total government revenues would grow 8.7% and excise tax revenues would increase 11%. The average excise tax per 20-pack would move from EC$ 3.24 (2014 US$ 1.20) to EC$ 3.80 (US$ 1.41), while the average price per pack would increase to EC$ 9.21 (US$ 3.41) from EC$8.48 (US$ 3.14). In the 10% and 15% consumption reduction scenarios, excise taxes would have to be increased by 33% and 50% (to 133% and 150% of CIF, respectively), pushing the average excise tax per pack to EC$ 4.37 (US$ 1.62) and EC$ 4.90 (US$ 1.81), respectively. Conclusion In Grenada, consumption can be reduced alongside growth in government revenues, making available additional resources for health. This aligns with the literature, which indicates that taxation can be effective in pursuing the public health objective of reduced incidence of smoking-related illnesses via reduced consumption.

RESUMEN Objetivo Investigar la viabilidad de abordar los problemas de salud pública relacionados con el consumo de tabaco mediante un aumento de los impuestos, al tiempo que se conservan o aumentan los ingresos públicos del gobierno en Granada. Métodos Se utilizaron métodos de muestreo intencional para garantizar la disponibilidad de datos y su representatividad geográfica. Se calculó el precio promedio del paquete de 20 cigarrillos de las marcas más vendidas a partir de los datos obtenidos en tres grandes supermercados. Se utilizó el Modelo de Simulación de Impuestos de la Organización Mundial de la Salud, con tasas de impuestos al consumo ajustadas para obtener reducciones del 5%, 10% y 15% en el consumo. Resultados Un aumento del 17% al 117% en el impuesto al consumo sobre el valor del costo, seguro y flete (CSF) ocasionaría una disminución del 5% en el consumo. Los ingresos totales del gobierno crecerían un 8,7% y los ingresos por impuesto al consumo aumentarían un 11%. El impuesto al consumo promedio por paquete de 20 cigarrillos aumentaría de EC$ (dólar del Caribe oriental) 3,24 (USD 1,20 de 2014) a EC$ 3,80 (USD 1,41), y el precio promedio por paquete aumentaría de EC$ 8,48 (USD 3,14) a EC$ 9,21 (USD 3,41). En los escenarios de reducción del consumo del 10% y el 15%, los impuestos al consumo deberían aumentarse en un 33% y 50% (al 133% y 150% del CSF, respectivamente), lo que elevaría el promedio del impuesto al consumo por paquete a EC$ 4,37 (USD 1,62) y EC$ 4,90 (USD 1,81), respectivamente. Conclusión En Granada, el consumo de tabaco puede reducirse y aumentarse a la vez los ingresos públicos, generando recursos adicionales disponibles para la salud. Esto coincide con la bibliografía publicada, que indica que los impuestos pueden ser eficaces para alcanzar el objetivo de salud pública de reducir la incidencia de enfermedades relacionadas con el hábito de fumar a través de una reducción del consumo.

RESUMO Objetivo Investigar a viabilidade de abordar problemas de saúde pública relacionados ao consumo de tabaco através de um aumento de impostos, enquanto conserva ou aumenta a receita do governo em Granada. Métodos Métodos intencionais de amostragem foram utilizados para garantir a disponibilidade de dados e sua representatividade geográfica. O preço médio da embalagem de 20 cigarros das marcas mais vendidas foi calculado a partir dos dados obtidos em três grandes supermercados. Utilizou-se o Modelo de Simulação Tributária da Organização Mundial de Saúde, com taxas de imposto de consumo ajustadas para obter reduções de 5%, 10% e 15% no consumo. Resultados Um aumento de 17% para 117% na taxa de consumo sobre o valor do custo, seguro e frete (CSF) causaria uma queda de 5% no consumo. As receitas totais do governo aumentariam em 8,7% e as receitas dos impostos sobre o consumo aumentariam em 11%. O imposto médio de consumo por pacote de 20 cigarros aumentaria de EC$ (dólar do Caribe Oriental) 3,24 (USD 1,20 de 2014) para EC$ 3,80 (USD 1,41), e o preço médio por pacote aumentaria de EC$ 8,48 (USD 3,14) para EC$ 9,21 (USD 3,41). Nos cenários de redução do consumo de 10% e 15%, os impostos sobre consumo devem ser aumentados em 33% e 50% (para 133% e 150% do CSF, respectivamente), o que elevaria a média do imposto sobre o consumo por pacote a EC$ 4,37 (USD 1,62) e EC$ 4,90 (USD 1,81), respectivamente. Conclusão Em Granada, o consumo de tabaco pode ser reduzido e as receitas do governo aumentadas, gerando recursos adicionais disponíveis para a saúde. Isso coincide com a literatura publicada, que indica que os impostos podem ser efetivos para alcançar o objetivo de saúde pública de reduzir a incidência de doenças relacionadas ao tabagismo através da redução do consumo.

Linking researchers and policy-makers: some challenges and approaches.

In developing a proposal for the study of the effect of user fees on access to preventive care, a team, comprising researchers and policy-makers, initiated interaction with key policy implementers in the Jamaica's Ministry of Health to ensure that their perspectives were considered at the preliminary stage. There were many pressing events occupying the minds and energies of the implementers, but the team was able to capitalize on existing good relationships to capture attention. In the interviews that followed, agreement was reached on the necessity for the study, its focus and methodology. The process of consultation achieved notable successes and can be regarded as a model for successful research and policy interaction.

Linking researchers and policy-makers: some challenges and approaches / Articulação entre pesquisadores e formuladores de políticas: alguns desafios e abordagens

In developing a proposal for the study of the effect of user fees on access to preventive care, a team, comprising researchers and policy-makers, initiated interaction with key policy implementers in the Jamaica's Ministry of Health to ensure that their perspectives were considered at the preliminary stage. There were many pressing events occupying the minds and energies of the implementers, but the team was able to capitalize on existing good relationships to capture attention. In the interviews that followed, agreement was reached on the necessity for the study, its focus and methodology. The process of consultation achieved notable successes and can be regarded as a model for successful research and policy interaction.

Diante da proposta de cobrança aos usuários de atendimentos preventivos (defendida pelos implementadores de políticas-chave do Ministério da Saúde da Jamaica), uma equipe de pesquisadores e formuladores de políticas apresentou um projeto de pesquisa visando a estudar os efeitos dessa cobrança de honorários pagos diretamente, e solicitaram ainda que os achados do estudo fossem considerados nesta fase preliminar. Embora a agenda do Ministério da Saúde fosse permeada de muitas questões prementes, a equipe de pesquisa conseguiu potencializar as relações produtivas preexistentes e garantir espaço na agenda do Ministério da Saúde. As negociações levaram a um consenso sobre a necessidade do estudo, seu enfoque e metodologia. O processo de consulta alcançou sucessos notáveis e pode ser considerado um modelo para a interação bem-sucedida entre pesquisa e política.

Review of health financing in Jamaica and a survey of the feasibility of national health insurance

Assesses Jamaica's Health Sector Initiatives Project which has as its objectives the improvement of the quality and efficiency of health services and to find alternatives for reducing the critical financial constraints in the health sector. Reviews current financing arrangements and allocation of health expenditures in Jamaica as well as earlier studies on health financing in Jamaica, particularly those related to insurance options. Finally, attempts to determine the feasibiity of National Health Insurance options following national and regional consultations. (AU)

Analysis of investment process in the environment and health in Jamaica

Using the rapid assessment technique analyses the investment and resource allocation processes in health and environment in Jamaica. Focuses on the characterization of the decision making process with regards to investment in both sectors and attempts to identify the main variables and institutions determing the resource allocation. Identifies opportunities for technical cooperation to strengthen the participation of both sectors in accessing national and external resources for investment. Reviews the macroeconomic and health context giving trends and policies; examines the institutional aspects of the investment process; traces the evolution and composition of investment in health and the environment. Found that over the period social sector expenditure (recurrent and capital) fell from 31.5 percent of overall public expenditure in 1982/83 to 21.5 percent in 1992/93 and social sector investment also fell from 24.2 percent in 1982/83 to 12.2 percent in 1992/93. (AU)

Improving financial management of health care in the Caribbean: conceptual and empirical issues

Structural adjustment is reducing the traditional dominant role of the state in the financing and provision of health care. Issues of equity, allocative efficiency, sustainability and clinical freedom are brought into question. This paper examines two models of escalating health costs and discusses the possibilities and limitations of cost sharing mainly health insurance), cost recovery (user fees) and cost containment (privatisation and decentalisation) measures in the health sector. It also explores additional measures to improve financial management in the health sector -- this must be seen as a moral oblication by all rather than a managerial imperative by a few (AU)